Evaluating the Efficacy of the Implementation of an Ecosystem Approach to the South African Small Pelagics Fisheries:Social Learning Around a Knowledge-Based System

A knowledge-based system (expert system) was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation towards an ecosystem approach in the South African small pelagics fishery, the largest fishery by volume in the country.  The knowledge-based system models the ecological well-being dimension of an ecosystem approach (EAF) in the S.A. sardine-directed fishery through an objectives hierarchy, linking a suite of eleven ecological indicators to seven management objectives.  To meet management requirements, the knowledge-based system presents a transparent, repeatable and scientifically defensible method.

A participatory modelling approach was used to engage with a broad group of stakeholders in indicator selection, model design and interpretation.  Rapid prototyping allowed stakeholders to engage with iterations of the knowledge-based system, ensuring buy-in and improved understanding around EAF.  The modelling approach was useful in bringing diverse stakeholder groups together in discussion on management objectives and has helped to bridge the boundary between the traditional resource-orientated management and ecosystem approach to fisheries management research groups, identified as a principal barrier to implementing an ecosystem approach.  Continued focus on communication and bridge-building between management and stakeholders is essential. Facilitated social learning through the model iterations can enhance the outcomes of this process and support in bridging boundaries to EAF implementation.