The Science and Management of Conserving Cool- and Cold-Water Lake Fishes in the U.K

The geographical location and island nature of the U.K. have resulted in it having a relatively depauperate freshwater fish fauna, although this includes a number of cool- and cold-water lake fishes typical of northern latitudes in Europe and elsewhere.  Furthermore, the U.K.’s maritime nature and consequent traditional market preference for sea fishes mean that commercial freshwater fisheries are very limited.  As a consequence, its lake fish populations have not been subjected to the extensive translocations and introductions common in continental Europe and the conservation of its cool- and cold-water lake fish species has focussed on biodiversity values and has enjoyed a degree of freedom from fisheries interests and constraints.  This review provides examples of scientific investigations, monitoring programmes and consequent management actions undertaken collaboratively in recent years by research and conservation bodies in England, Scotland and Wales,  A particular focus is placed on efforts to understand, monitor and conserve populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and vendace (Coregonus albula) threatened by acidification, climate change, eutrophication, species introductions and water level fluctuations.  Specific management actions included in these activities have included captive breeding, control of live-baiting, establishment of refuge populations, nutrient stripping and watershed management.