Anadromous Salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin Before Hydro-Development? Identification of Pacific Salmonid (

Fish remains from archaeological sites represent an important source of knowledge about pre-development species distribution.  The archaeological record of salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin (Oregon/California) illustrates this value particularly well, given:  a) major habitat destruction occurred prior to any systematic biological surveys; b) the difficulty in distinguishing salmonid species using historic records; and c) the magnitude of the issues (economic, political, social) involved with fish habitat restoration efforts.   Recent study of archaeological fish remains from six sites located in the Upper Klamath Basin was undertaken to determine pre-development salmonid species distribution.  Over 7,100 specimens were identified representing multiple species of sucker (Catostomus spp.) , minnow (Cyprinidae), and salmonid.  Specialized analysis (mtDNA, Strontium-Calcium ratios) was carried out on 57 specimens drawn from all sites and temporal contexts.  Two species were identified using ancient mtDNA:  Onchorhynchus mykiss (steelhead/redband trout) and O. tshawytscha (Chinook salmon).  Analysis of Strontium-Calcium ratios indicated the majority of tested specimens represent anadromous fish. Most of the O. mykiss specimens are thus assigned to steelhead.  Geochemical signals did not appear to be influenced by deposit age, local ground water or other factors.  While the specialized analyses confirm the presence of fish remains from anadromous fish, it is possible the bones come from fish traded in from outside the Upper Basin.  Analysis of butchering/body part representation conforms with expectations for local capture rather than trade.